All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the active form of vitamin A, binds to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR//), regulating various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis ( 3.2 Vitamin D Vitamin D, or calciferol, is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for calcium homeostasis and bone health
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10.1111/mpp.12038 122 PeiD
Nevertheless, pathways implicated in preclinical studies, including angiogenesis, inflammatory modulation, and collagen remodeling, intersect with biologic systems central to incision healing and complication avoidance, although these mechanistic signals have not been shown to translate into improved clinical outcomes