Interestingly, studies have shown that the antioxidant activity of this compound has a circadian rhythm, having antioxidant properties when it is in the dark but pro-oxidant properties when it is in the light (Gadacha et al., 2009)
This results in a relatively high cost, affecting accessibility and affordability for patients
An early clinical trial in 13 patients with type 2 diabetes found that a single intravenous infusion of 1,000 mg of lipoic acid improved insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (i.e., insulin sensitivity) by 50% compared to a placebo infusion (57)
The classical redox pathways including WNT/-catenin, PI3K/AKT, NRF2, and p53 can respond to oxidant or antioxidant signals and significantly regulate gene transcription ( in vivo evidence supporting the osteogenic potential of NAC is promising, the inconsistency in its effects across different signaling pathways suggests a research gap
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