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Thus, the chloroplast is a major source of ROS production in plants

ROS ROS are signalling molecules composed of oxygen-containing reactive entities such as the superoxide anion (O 2 ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), the hydroxyl radical (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and primarily originate from electron leakage in the mitochondrial electron transport chain [10]

The following sections will systematically dissect this cycle in terms of its mechanistic basis and pathological consequences

Retinoids override that regulatory mechanism

Athletes and High Performers : Intense training creates oxidative stress that depletes glutathione