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For example, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid have been analyzed to evaluate local antioxidant capacity in conditions like periodontal disease (Toczewska et al., 2020), while lipid peroxidation levels (e.g., malondialdehyde, MDA) in blood samples from oxidative-stressed rats offer further insights into systemic antioxidant effects
doi: 10.1038/s41575-024-01019-7
indicated that GPX4 and GSH levels were decreased, and cellular iron and MDA levels were increased in a mouse model of myocardial ischemiareperfusion (MIR, ischemia 30 min and reperfusion 24 h) injury [90]
Under physiological conditions, calcium signals generated by the ER in response to stimulation of acetylcholine (ACh) or CCK receptors are transmitted to mitochondria via a sequence of protein structures: IP 3 R (inositol trisphosphate receptors) channels on the ER, the chaperone GRP75 (75-kDa glucose-regulated protein), the channel VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1) on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) on the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM)
