A meta-analysis of 87 studies (9,109 participants) found that ASD children had significantly elevated blood levels of oxidative markers such as GSSG, malondialdehyde, and homocysteine, while significantly decreased levels of GSH, total glutathione, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and antioxidant substances such as cysteine, vitamin B9, and vitamin D
Bethin, K
Recombinant zonulin was proven to increase the intestinal permeability ex vivo 40 and in vitro 16
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Although GSSG represents approximately 1% of the total glutathione in the cell under basal conditions, a striking increase is found in cells undergoing oxidative stress