Glutathione peroxidase functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, and is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in humans
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GSH could be converted to its oxidized form, called glutathione disulfide, by glutathione peroxidase which decomposes ROS to H 2 O and O 2 , and the glutathione disulfide is then regenerated to GSH by glutathione reductase at the expense of NADPH [16, 17]
English search terms included: diabetic kidney disease OR diabetic nephropathy OR DKD OR DN, combined with gut microbiota OR gut microbiome OR intestinal flora OR intestinal microbiota, dietary OR nutrition OR diet OR nutritional intervention, phytochemical OR natural product OR bioactive compound OR functional food, amino acid metabolism OR metabolite OR metabolomics, gut-liver axis OR gut-kidney axis OR enterohepatic axis, short-chain fatty acids OR SCFAs, and probiotics OR prebiotics OR synbiotics. Inclusion criteria were: (1) studies addressing the associations among DKD, gut microbiota, nutritional intervention, and natural bioactive compounds
Still, confirming the clinical relevance of newly developed antioxidants will require a paradigm shift in the testing approaches