Disruption of circadian rhythms disturbs the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, partly through altered immune cell trafficking and dysregulated clock proteins such as REV-ERB/NR1D1 (93).Innate immune cells such as macrophages and NK cells contain functional circadian clocks, with the CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimer regulating phagocytosis, cytokine production (e.g., IL-1, TNF-), and antimicrobial activity (94)
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Some studies suggest potential neuroprotective effects, making it a subject of interest in nervous system injury or cognitive recovery models
When you swallow anything, it travels through the stomach, into the small intestine, gets absorbed into the portal vein, and flows directly to the liver before reaching systemic circulation
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