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Results vary and depend on diet, exercise, and individual metabolic factors
Unlike most vitamins, B12 has a uniquely complex absorption pathway: Stomach acid and pepsin release B12 from food proteins B12 binds to R-proteins (haptocorrins) in saliva and stomach Pancreatic enzymes release B12 from R-proteins in the small intestine B12 binds to intrinsic factor (produced by gastric parietal cells) The B12-intrinsic factor complex is absorbed in the terminal ileum A breakdown at any of these five steps causes deficiency which is why B12 deficiency is far more common than dietary intake alone would predict
*Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids*
is recipient of a research grant from Basel University, Basel, Switzerland., Bangerter-Rhyner-Foundation Basel and Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft Basel
As we age or deal with chronic stress, the natural production of these signals drops
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