In some embodiments, the formulation or composition has a viscosity of about 4,500 cP
These articles report KEs such as oxidative stress (e.g., reactive oxygen species), DNA damage (e.g., strand breaks, oxidative lesions, DNA adducts), and altered genes frequently associated with lung tumorigenesis, such as TP53, KRAS, and EGFR
Xiao X, Zhang C, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Wang L, Li L, Zhou D, et al
Quercetin induces the downregulation of ERK1/2, P38 MAPK, and AKT signaling molecules, leading to DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and ROS production, thereby inducing cell apoptosis (144)
Simultaneously, leaked electrons combine with oxygen molecules, causing bursts of mitochondrial-derived ROS, which have become a significant source of oxidative stress in cells (50, 51)